<p>Edgar A. Igelheart House is a historic home located at Evansville, Indiana. It was designed by Edward Joseph Thole and built in 1932. It is a French Renaissance château style painted brick dwelling consisting of a rectangular central section with flanking wings. It has a slate hipped roof. Also on the property are the contributing two sections of the Lant House, stable, garage , and cow barn.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Robert Smith Mortuary, also known as the Greek-Shears Mortuary, is a historic mortuary building located in downtown Evansville, Indiana. It was built in 1930, and is a -story, rectangular Mission Revival style brick building. It features arcaded windows, an esplanade, and steeply pitched red tile roof. It is connected to a -story brick former dwelling constructed about 1890 and remodeled in 1930 to complement the new building.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Oak Hill Cemetery is a historic rural cemetery located at Evansville, Indiana. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Oak Hill Cemetery traces its roots to 12 August 1850, when the Evansville City Council appointed a committee to search for a new cemetery to replace the first public burying grounds located on the southeast edge of town at Mulberry and Fifth Streets. Within two years they selected a plot of land, then known as "Lost Hill," which was 56-acres of undeveloped land about a mile and half from the then city limits. By February 1853 lots were offered for sale.</p><br>
<p>By February 1853 lots were offered for sale and the cemetery saw its first burial, Ellen Johnson who died at age 2 on 18 February 1853, just 10 days after the City Council selected “Oak Hill” as the sites official name. Burials from the citys previous cemetery. Later land purchases (up until 1924) gave the Cemetery its present acreage.</p><br>
<p>The current appearance of the cemetery landscape — particularly its plantings – was primarily nurtured over an 80-year period (1853–1932) during the tenure of two superintendents. For the first four decades of the cemeterys existence (1853–1897), the beautification of the grounds was the responsibility of John S. Goodge. In his obituary (June 1897), he was credited with the "work of making the beautiful place the Oak Hill now is." Some of the more mature plantings are very likely the result of Goodges endeavors. His successor, William Halbrook (1898–1932), brought to his position his knowledge and experience gained as a florist, and a large portion of Oak Hill&#39;s verdancy was the result of his handiwork. Since 1932, some planting has occurred, but not on the scale of the preceding 80 years.</p><br>
<h2>Design and landscape</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery includes the French Renaissance style Administration Building (1899, 1917, 1999); Entry Gate (1901); and classical revival style Receiving Vault (1911) designed by Clifford Shopbell of Harris & Shopbell. The cemetery has a number of notable landscape features in keeping with the 19th century rural cemetery movement including a variety of tree species.</p><br>
<p>Bordering the site on its western side is Highway 41; on other sides are low-scale, modern-era residential and commercial neighborhoods. In spite of this encroachment, the cemetery has preserved its original pastoral tranquility. The site selected for the cemetery was, according to a contemporary newspaper account, a “hillock, a wilderness of underbrush and briars, and called at that with a mantle of loess, underlain by sandstone." A 1927 topographical map showing the cemetery tract depicted the land of the original 1852 purchase as gradually ascending on the south from the floodplain level of 390 feet to a height of 430 feet. On the north end, there was a sharp drop-off. In profile, as viewed particularly from the east, the contour of the hill looked like the back of a two-humped Bactrian camel with a central Erosional vale. The early burials took place on the southern slope, close to the ridge. Today, interment sites not only blanket the entire prominence, but also cover the flat lands at the foot of the hill on three sides. Although the Cemetery comprises 175 acres, less than 120 have been platted and made available for interments. A tract of about 55 acres across the northern part of the Cemetery bordering Morgan Avenue has been farm-leased.</p><br>
<p>An intricate tracery of crossing and curving pathways (now asphalted, one-lane drives) formed a lacy network which conjoined with the site&#39;s hill and vale topography and natural arborous properties created a picturesque setting for "the sleeping place of our dead," as one 19th century journalist characterized Oak Hill. The collection of trees comprised native Indiana and American specimens as well as ornamental exotics.</p><br>
<p>In addition to these distinctive plantings and walks, Oak Hill was enhanced by a number of other landscape features. The seclusion which characterizes this burial ground was furthered by the enclosure of its land on three sides by a brick wall and by a single entrance gate located on the south side of the Cemetery. The approach to the main gate was by a 365-foot-long drive which begun at Virginia Street and was bordered on each side by a continuation of the wall. The Mission Revival gateway was also designed by architects Harris and Shopbell in 1901. The overhanging hipped roof was clad with red barrel tiles, and the soffit was coffered. Extensions of the gateway are connected with the brick wall.</p><br>
<p>Within the cemetery there were two man-made bodies of water—reflecting pools. To the left of the gateway, in the Western Addition, the central attraction was an oblong lake fed by the city water system and containing a small island. Spaced upon the banks of the lake were temple-style mausoleums of stone erected by some of the city&#39;s most prominent citizens. The island, connected to the mainland by a stone bridge, was the interment area for the Johnson family whose patriarch, Edward Mead Johnson, founded Johnson & Johnson and later Mead Johnson Nutrition Company, and whose remains were also interred on the island. The round, colonnaded monument of granite was erected for Johnson in 1934. The other pool, also fed artificially, was situated directly behind the administration building and was part of the improvement program undertaken in 1899 which saw the construction of this primary building.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery is now the resting place for countless notable Evansville residents, as well as an American Civil War burial ground with over 500 Union troops, 24 Confederate soldiers, and 94 civilians who died during Civil War conflicts. In 1868, the city began efforts to secure designation of the Union veterans’ areas as federal property, eventually succeeding with a Congressional appropriation and recognition in 1898. Several years later, in about 1903, the Fitzhugh Lee Chapter of the Daughters of the Confederacy erected a monument in remembrance of the 24 soldiers who died for the South. A larger memorial for local Union dead was added in 1909. The 24 Confederate soldiers buried here were prisoners of war who died in Evansville.</p><br>
<p>Records indicate the King and Queen of a tribe of Romany Gypsies are buried at the cemetery. Elizabeth Harrison, Queen of the Gypsies, died in November 1895 and her husband Isaac followed on Christmas Eve in 1900. Other notable interments include:</p><br>
<p>Conrad Baker (1817–1885), 15th Governor of Indiana</p><br>
<p>William Heilman (1824–1890), USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Charles Harvey Denby (1830–1904), USA Union officer in the Civil War and diplomat</p><br>
<p>John W. Foster (1836–1917), American diplomat and former USA Secretary of State</p><br>
<p>Annie Fellows Johnston (1863–1931), American author of The Little Colonel series</p><br>
<p>Edward Mead Johnson (1852–1934), American businessman and one of the co-founders of Johnson & Johnson and later Mead Johnson</p><br>
<p>William E. Wilson (1870–1948), USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Roger H. Zion (1921–2019) USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Ohio Street Bridge, also known as the Joan Marchand Overlook, is a historic Pratt through Truss bridge located at Evansville, Indiana. It was built in 1891 by the Pittsburgh Bridge Company and the sandstone abutments constructed by Eigenmann & Hoolerbach. It is a single span steel truss bridge and measures 198 feet long and 24 feet wide. It is closed to vehicular traffic but is used by pedestrian traffic.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Spencer Hollow School is a historic school building at 50 Spencer Hollow Road in Springfield, Vermont. Built about 1810, it is a fine local example of a district schoolhouse. It was used as a school until 1926, and as a clubhouse for a time thereafter. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Spencer Hollow School stands in a rural area of eastern Springfield, on the west side of Spencer Hollow Road just south of its junction with Vermont Route 143. It is a small single-storye brick building with a gabled slate roof and a stone foundation. A small gabled wood-frame ell extends to the south to which is attached a shed-roofed extension housing a woodshed and privy. The street-facing front facade has two sash windows, while the building entrance, once on the south facade (in an opening now bricked over), is now in the ell. The interior of the ell houses a small kitchen area, while the main chamber retains original features, including an old blackboard and benches built into the walls.</p><br>
<p>The school was built about 1810–20, on land belonging to Simeon Spencer, an early settler of the area. Its construction date is uncertain, as a school (possibly also built of brick) may have been standing on the site as early as the 1780s. The building is probably the oldest surviving brick schoolhouse in the state; the Eureka Schoolhouse, built in 1785, is the state&#39;s oldest documented schoolhouse, but it is wood-framed, and has been moved from its original site (it is now a state historic site). This school remained in operation until 1926, and in 1931 it was taken over by the Spencer Hollow Club, which used it as a social venue, hosting dances and other events. By the early 2000s it had been abandoned and extensively vandalized. It has since undergone restoration.</p><br>
<p>Sunset Park Pavilion, also known as the Sunset Park Shelter House/Pagoda, is a historic park pavilion located at Evansville, Indiana. It was built in 1912, and is a one-story shelter house in the form of a Japanese pagoda. It is constructed of reinforced concrete and is topped by a red tile roof that is characteristically upturned at the corners. It was originally an open air facility, but has been enclosed. It was restored in 1993 and now houses the Evansville convention and visitors bureau.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Mari-Castle is a historic summer estate at 41-43 South Main Street in Randolph, Vermont. Built in 1886 for Albert Brown Chandler, it was the towns finest summer house of the period, and was named for Chandlers wife Marilla. Chandler, president of the nationwide Postal Telegraph Company, was a Randolph native, who funded construction of the Chandler Music Hall. His estate, now used primarily for professional offices, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Mari-Castle stands on the west side of South Main Street, south of Randolph&#39;s commercial business district, and now just northwest of Gifford Memorial Hospital. The property now consists of about 12 acre (reduced from a much larger original property), on which stand four buildings. The main house is an 1886 Queen Anne Victorian, which was extensively redesigned in 1894–95 to have a more Chateauesque appearance. Behind the house stand a carriage house and barn, while to its left (south) stands a 20th-century chapel. The original main drive includes a rustic stone bridge across a narrow ravine, which was built about 1895.</p><br>
<p>Albert Brown Chandler was born in Randolph, and had an early career as a telegraph operator for Western Union. He achieved public prominence for his work as the telegraph operator in the United States War Department during the American Civil War. He rose to become president of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company, and then the Postal Telegraph Company, which he put on a sound financial footing, enabling it to successfully compete with Western Union until the two companies merged in the 1940s. Chandler in 1886 built a Queen Anne Victorian on this property as a summer house for his family. In 1894-95 it was enlarged to its present configuration to a design by George Edward Harding & Gooch, a New York City architectural firm which had designed the Postal Telegraph Building in New York&#39;s Tribeca neighborhood for Chandler. The property was sold out of the family after Chandler died, and has been used primarily for professional office space since then. The main building is currently a privately owned residence. The carriage house, and chapel are currently privately owned health and wellness facilities. Unsympathetic alterations made to the property were reversed in the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The Green Mill Ford Bridge was a historic structure located northeast of Janesville, Iowa, United States. It spanned the Cedar River for 244 ft. This Bowstring through arch-truss bridge was originally erected in Waverly, Iowa after the Bremer County Board of Supervisors found the previous timber structure bridge was worn out. It was designed and erected by the King Iron Bridge and Manufacturing Co. of Cleveland. John R. Price and Brothers built the substructure. The total cost for constructing the bridge was $16,000. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was carried downstream by the Cedar River on March 16, 2019, in a flood with heavy ice flow. It was removed from the NRHP in September of the same year.</p><br>
<p>The Bank of Sumner, also known as the Clock Tower building and the S.F. Cass building, is a historic building located in Sumner, Iowa, United States. Stephen F. Cass had established a stagecoach-stop general store two miles northeast of where Chancey Carpenter had platted the town of Sumner. Carpenter had given a strip of land to the Iowa Pacific Rail Company, later the Chicago Great Western Railway, which built their tracks and a depot in town. Cass moved his operations to Sumner, and in 1879 or 1880 went into banking. He built a frame building for his bank at the same location as this building. This building replaced it in 1897, and over the next three years Cass built several other brick commercial buildings on the same block. Cass died in 1900, and the bank failed in 1931 during the Great Depression. The post office moved out in 1933. A bakery occupied the building for several decades.</p><br>
<p>The two-story brick structure features a corner clock tower, pilasters that divide the slightly inset bays, and a cornice of corbelled bricks. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Sumner High School is a historic building located in Sumner, Iowa, United States. Built in 1901, the Neoclassical style building replaced the old 1876 school building. The 2½-story brick structure is built on a raised stone basement and capped with a hip roof and cupola. An addition was built onto the north side of the building in 1915, and the gymnasium was added in 1924. This was Sumner&#39;s only school building until 1953 when a new grade school was built. A new high school building was completed in 1961. The local school district continued to use the building until 1988, and the gymnasium continues to be used by the district. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Springfield Downtown Historic District encompasses the historic central business district of the town of Springfield, Vermont. Located in a narrow valley on the banks of the Black River, the town&#39;s architecture is primarily reflective of its importance as a manufacturing center in the late 19th and early-to-mid 20th centuries, with a cluster of commercial buildings surrounded by residential and industrial areas. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and enlarged slightly in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The town of Springfield was first settled by colonists in the 1750s, but significant settlement did not take place until the construction of the Crown Point Road and the end of the French and Indian War in 1762. Its first sawmill was built on the falls of the Black River, near the present downtown. The first bridge spanning the river was built in the 1770s, and the town center grew around that and a growing number of mills. In the late 19th century, the town became a center for the manufacture of precision machine tools. The town suffered repeated disasters by flood and fire, all of which shaped the development of the town center.</p><br>
<p>The historic district extends primarily along Main Street (Vermont Route 106), north from its crossing of the Black River to Elm Hill Street, and several industrial buildings on the west side of the river, notably including a large industrial complex on Pearl Street. It was expanded in 1986 to include the two bridges crossing the river, as well as the dams that provided water power to the towns industries. The commercial and civic heart is at the junction of Main and Park Streets, the latter providing one of the villages river crossings. Commercial buildings are typically one to three stories in height, built of either brick or wood, and there are churches and other civic buildings clustered around Central Square, just north of the junction. The area just across the river is industrial, while residences are mainly found just east of the downtown area</p><br>
<p>Waverly House, originally known as Daily House and now known as the Bremer County Historical Society Museum, is an historic building located at 402 W. Bremer Ave, Waverly, Iowa, 50677 United States. Built in October and November 1862, the three-story brick building cost between $7000 - $8000 to build . It accommodated 100 guests, had a stable to keep 50 horses, a granary and a large yard. A Grand Opening Oyster Supper was held December 14, 1862. For its first ten months it served as a stage coach stop. Barnes line and Starr omnibus stopped here. In 1864 the railroad arrived in Waverly and the building was converted into a hotel. In 1879, there was a brief name change to "City Hotel", but it didnt last more than a few months. After 20 years as a hotel it was converted into a boarding house. On June 5, 1883, Emma Cronin fatally shot John F. Stevens in room 21 on the third floor. Many weddings were held at the Waverly House. On May 6, 1893, the Prohibitionists of Bremer County met at the Waverly House to appoint delegates to attend the State Convention. In 1905, the building was purchased by Dr. F. A. Osincup and became CaPhenin Chemical Company  to manufacture medication. 1946 brought a two-story and basement addition, 16 x 46&#39;. In April 1953, the Chemical company was bought by investors in Eagle Grove, Iowa but the building was left vacant. On January 4, 1960, Bremer County Historical Society was able to raise funds to purchase the historic structure and on July 11, 1961, opened as a Museum. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Old Main is a historic building located on the campus of Wartburg College in Waverly, Iowa, United States. When Wartburg was established in Waverly in 1879 it was a normal school that educated men to teach in Lutheran parochial schools. This building was constructed the following year, which makes it the "first structure associated with German Lutheran higher education in Iowa." It is a three-story brick structure in the vernacular Italianate style. It is five bays wide and four bays deep, and capped with a hipped roof with six small gabled dormers. The building features narrow eaves, a denticular cornice, a paneled frieze, corbelled brick window hoods that are painted white, and cast-iron window sills. When it was built it housed all school functions. The dormitory was in the attic, classrooms doubled as living areas when they were not used for educational purposes, the two teachers were housed on the first floor, and dining/kitchen facilities were located in the basement. It has subsequently housed a variety of the schools functions. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978 as the Wartburg Teachers&#39; Seminary.</p><br>
<p>Waverly Municipal Hydroelectric Powerhouse is a historic building located in Waverly, Iowa, United States. Mills were established on both sides of the Cedar River from the earliest years of Waverly, and they created the dam across the river. The towns first electric plant was privately owned and was established in the 1880s. The city bought the water rights and the dam in 1890, a new privately operated power plant went into operation in 1896. In 1908 the power plant was destroyed in an explosion and fire. Waterloo, Iowa architect John G. Ralston in collaboration with the Fargo Engineering Company of Jackson, Michigan designed the new facility that was completed the following year. A large wing that housed three diesel electric generating units, and an office addition were completed in 1938. The red brick facility features Neoclassical details, and is located on the east bank of the Cedar River. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>The Old Stone Blacksmith Shop is a historic building on Vermont Route 30 in Cornwall, Vermont. Probably built in the late 18th century, it is a rare example in the state of a stone blacksmith shop, with a documented history of more than century&#39;s use for the purpose. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Stone Blacksmith Shop stands in a rural area of Cornwall, on the west side of Vermont Route 30 about midway between its junctions with Ridge and Robbins Roads. It is a single-story structure, fashioned out of irregularly coursed limestone and covered by a gabled roof. The building corners are set in a quoined fashion with more regularly cut stone. It is set into a sharp rise, so its front is fully exposed, but its rear wall is almost completely below grade. The front facade has a horizontally rectangular window at the center, and a two-leaf bay door to its right, fastened with wrought iron strap hinges. The gable ends have sash windows, and the protruding portion of the rear wall has narrow casement windows.</p><br>
<p>The shop has traditionally been given an early construction date of 1791, the year Thomas Pritchard purchased the property. Its construction style is consistent with other stone buildings built in the region as late as 1845. Pritchard is known to have sold an extant blacksmith shop in 1805, but it is unclear if it was this building. Regardless of its construction date, it is the oldest example of this type of service building in the community.</p><br>
<p>The Waverly East Bremer Avenue Commercial Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Waverly, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The historic district covers a portion of the city&#39;s central business district between the Cedar River on the west and the former right-of-way for the Chicago Great Western Railway on the east.</p><br>
<p>The buildings are generally brick and two stories in height, but there are one- and three-story buildings as well. The first floors continue to house commercial retail stores, while the upper floors house offices, apartments or are vacant. The exceptions are the Chicago Great Western Railway Depot (1904), the Waverly Municipal Hydroelectric Powerhouse (1909), the US Post Office building (1936), and the Lutheran Mutual Aid Society Home</p><br>
<p>Office Building (1932, with later additions). The powerhouse is individually listed on the National Register. The period of significance is from 1855 to 1964, and the buildings are constructed during that time frame. Most of the buildings are second generation structures that replaced single-story frame structures. Architectural influence came from the commercial Italianate, Queen Anne and Neoclassical styles. Most of the buildings line both sides of East Bremer Avenue, with a few on First Avenue SE.</p><br>
<p>The Old Fourth Ward Southeast Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Waverly, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. The historic district is a residential area immediately to the south of the Waverly East Bremer Avenue Commercial Historic District, and within the bend of the Cedar River. The primary resources in the district are all houses, and the secondary resources are either carriage houses or garages. All but four houses contribute to the historical significance of the district, but a majority of the secondary resources do not.</p><br>
<p>The houses range in size from single-story cottages to two-story front-gable-and-wing houses and two-story hipped-roof houses. They include a variety of the late 19th century and early 20th century architectural styles, with the Queen Anne and American Craftsman styles dominating the district. Most of the houses are of frame construction, but there are examples of brick and stucco construction as well. Most of the house construction took place between the 1880s and the 1950s. The oldest houses are located on the north side of the district. The secondary buildings date from around 1890 to 2010. The Waterloo, Iowa architectural firm of Murphy and Ralston and architect Mortimer B. Cleveland have commissions in the district as does John Leitha, a contractor/designer from Waverly.</p><br>
<p>The Asa May House is a historic farmstead on Blood Brook Road in West Fairlee, Vermont. Developed in the late 18th century, the 1800 house is a rare statewide example of Federal period architecture, built for West Fairlee&#39;s first town clerk. The farmstead property, including a barn, sheds, and period landscape elements, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Asa May House stands in a rural area of eastern West Fairlee, on the west side of Blood Brook Road. It stands on 40 acre of land, now reduced from historically larger sizes, but with patterns of usage still evident in the presence of stone walls and foundational remnants of former outbuildings. The current farm complex includes the main house, a horse barn, shed, and woodshed. The house is a two-story wood-frame structure, with a hip roof and clapboarded exterior. Its main block is L-shaped, with prominent five-bay facades facing both south and east. The eastern (street-facing) entry is more elaborate, with the door flanked by pilasters and sidelight windows, and topped by an entablature and cornice, while the southern entry is simpler, with a plain surround and four-light transom window. The interior of the house retains original fireplaces and woodwork in many places, although some rooms have been either modernized or repurposed. The crook of the L is filled with a single-story ell, to which further modern additions extend to the west.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1800 for Asa May, who served as the first town clerk of West Fairlee (incorporated 1797). May had acquired land in the Blood Brook area (named for early settler Elijah Blood) and built his first house (located elsewhere on the property and no longer standing) about 1789. The property remained in the hands of May&#39;s descendants until 1946.</p><br>
<p>The Stockbridge Common Historic District encompasses the central portion of a rural 19th-century village center in Stockbridge, Vermont. Including the town common as well as a few buildings and an adjacent cemetery, it is a well-preserved example of a village bypassed by economic development during the 19th century industrial period. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The small town of Stockbridge was chartered in 1761, but was not settled until the 1780s. At that time Elias Keyes was granted land in the town, on the condition that he build a saw mill and grist mill. He chose a site on the White Riverfor the mills, a few miles above its confluence with the Tweed River. On a terrace north of the mill site he began to build a house, and gave land for use as the town common and cemetery; this area became what is now the village of Stockbridge Common. Although the village has some of the trappings of a town center, including a church and district schoolhouse, it was not economically successful, owing to its distance from the river and its placement on a rise above more convenient travel routes along the river. The village was eclipsed in the 19th century by the village of Gaysville, located on the White River, whose industries were decimated by Vermont&#39;s devastating 1927 floods.</p><br>
<p>The historic district is centered on the town common, which is surrounded by Stockbridge Common Road and Maplewood Road, the latter separating it from the Maplewood Cemetery to the south. Lining the north side of Stockbridge Common Road and the westernmost part of Maplewood are six 19th-century buildings that make up the district along with the common and cemetery. Included are the house begun by Keyes and completed by Seth Wright c. 1804, a massive example of Federal period architecture, and the 1826 Union Church, a vernacular Greek Revival building built on land donated by Keyes. The former district schoolhouse, built in 1884, is one of the newest buildings in the district.</p><br>
<p>The Sturdevant Southwest Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Waverly, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016. The historic district is a residential area west of the Cedar River and south of a commercial area. It was home to middle-to-working-class families and a few business and professional people. Most of the primary resources in the district are houses, and the secondary resources are either carriage houses, garages, or city barns. The primary resources that are not residential include First Baptist Church , the Farmers Exchange Produce Building, the Farmers Exchange Office Building , and St. Andrews Episcopal Church . The contributing structure is St. Andrews bell tower. The Congregational Church  was also located here until it was torn down. All but three houses contribute to the historical significance of the district, but a majority of the secondary resources do not.</p><br>
<p>The houses range in size from single-story cottages to two-story front-gable-and-wing houses and two-story hipped-roof houses. They include a variety of the late 19th century and early 20th century architectural styles, with the Queen Anne and American Craftsman styles dominating the district. Most of the houses are of frame construction, but there are examples of brick and stucco construction as well. Most of the house construction took place between 1880 and 1940. The oldest houses are located on the east side of the district near the river. The secondary buildings date from around 1890 to 2010. Some of the houses were commissioned from regional architects, but for the most part their designs were derived from pattern books.</p><br>
<p>The Harmon and LeValley Northwest Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Waverly, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2014. Many of the people who settled here were German immigrants. St. Paul&#39;s Lutheran Church  is located in the district. Most of the houses were built using architectural styles popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The district has several concrete block houses that were built after 1907. The concrete block manufacturer/contractor lived in the neighborhood and his factory was just outside of the district. Some of the houses were commissioned from regional architects, but for the most part their designs were derived from pattern books.</p><br>
<p>St. Andrew&#39;s Episcopal Church is located in Waverly, Iowa. It is a parish church of the Episcopal Diocese of Iowa. The church building is a contributing building and the bell tower is a contributing structure in the Sturdevant Southwest Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The parish was established in 1853. The present church building was completed in 1958 after the previous church building had been destroyed in a fire on March 14, 1957. The cornerstone for the present church was laid on November 3, 1957. It is a Modern A-frame brick structure that is ten bays long. The bays project at an angle. Each has a window in the angle and an I-beam that serves as a buttress. On the interior, the I-beams are clad in a wood veneer. The short side walls are covered with brick laid in a stack bond. The brick on the west gabled end is laid in Flemish bond and features a series of small raised crosses in the brick pattern work. The east gable end was remodeled around 2006 and is composed of a combination of brick and synthetic metal siding. It has a large Celtic cross with windows that extend to the peak. A spire, divided into five sections, and a Celtic cross caps the steeply pitched roof.</p><br>
<p>The Hemingway Memorial Bell Tower was completed in 1963. It stands north of the church building and is composed of two sets of two I-beams that form a St. Andrew&#39;s Cross. It is capped with a gabled roof in an A-frame form that mimics the church building. The bell is suspended below the A-frame.</p><br>
<p>The Garretson Outlet Bridge is a historic structure located north of Whiting, Iowa, United States. It carries 100th Street, a gravel road, over Garretson Outlet Ditch for 168 ft. The Iowa Bridge Company of Des Moines held the bridge contract for Monona County when this bridge was built. They fabricated and erected the Warren pony truss with polygonal upper chords in 1913. Around the same time they had constructed other several small- and medium-scale bridges over a system of channelized streams and drainage ditches that had recently been completed across the county. This bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>Reads Landing School is a former school building in the unincorporated community of Reads Landing, Minnesota, United States. Built in 1870, it has been converted into the Wabasha County Historical Society Museum. The building is one of the states oldest surviving brick schools, and typifies their characteristic boxy, bracketed, Italianate style. The school was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 for having local significance in the themes of architecture and exploration/settlement. It was nominated for being a rare surviving example of Minnesotas early brick schools, and for its association with Reads Landing&#39;s peak as a lumber milling boomtown.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Reads Landing School is a two-story brick building on a limestone foundation. Its footprint is nearly square. A gabled central bay projects slightly from the front façade. The building has a hip roof, with a cupola atop the gable. A wide cornice overhangs the building, supported by pairs of heavy brackets emerging from the frieze. At the base of the walls, an unusual water table is formed by three projecting courses of bricks atop the protruding limestone foundation.</p><br>
<p>The windows have segmental brick arches and limestone sills. The central front bay is distinguished by a semicircular fantail window over the main doors, semicircular arches over the second story windows, and an oculus window illuminating the attic. In the interior, both floors have two rooms with a hall across the front.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Reads Landing was platted in 1856 overlooking the confluence of the Mississippi and Chippewa Rivers. It was ideally sited for riverboat traffic and the booming lumber trade, and success as a lumber milling center swelled the population. In 1870, flush with wealth, the town replaced its 1858 frame schoolhouse with this stately brick structure. Twenty percent of the $8,200 cost was funded by liquor licenses; at its peak Reads Landing had 21 saloons.</p><br>
<p>Early architects Abraham M. Radcliffe and Charles G. Maybury popularized squarish, Italianate government buildings in Southeast Minnesota, both for schools and courthouses. Wabasha Countys first large brick school was constructed in 1869 in Wabasha, closely patterned after Goodhue Countys 1865 courthouse. Both were cruciform whereas the Reads Landing School and its 1872 near-twin in Lake City were both cubical with a single entrance. The only one of these four buildings still standing, the Reads Landing School reflects the emergence of the boxy Italianate school in imitation of government buildings and its evolution into a smaller and more practical form. Contractor Daniel C. Hill of Red Wing was involved in all four projects, and the unusual brick water table appeared on each as if it were his architectural signature.</p><br>
<p>In 1882 the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway opted to route across the Mississippi River into Minnesota at Wabasha rather than Reads Landing. The economy and population of Reads Landing quickly stagnated. Never upgraded or replaced, the school remained in use until 1965.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Wabasha County Historical Society operates the Reads Landing School as its primary museum. One classroom is decorated in the style of the 1920s and 30s. Displays include the pulpit and pump organ from Reads Landing&#39;s only church, Native American History in Wabasha County, history of railroads in Wabasha County, as well as Agricultural Heritage information.</p><br>
<p>The Mill Covered Bridge is a replica historic covered bridge carrying Spring Road across the First Branch White River in Tunbridge, Vermont. It was built in 2000, nearly replicating a previous structure built on the site in 1883 and lost due to ice damage. It is one of a high concentration of covered bridges in Tunbridge and Chelsea. The 1883 bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Mill Covered Bridge is located on the north side of Tunbridge village, where it carries Spring Road across the First Branch White River, west of Vermont Route 110. It is located among the buildings of the former Hayward and Kibby Mill, a 19th-century mill complex. It is a single-span structure, with multiple kingpost trusses resting on abutments of stone and concrete. It is 72.5 ft long and has a total width of 19 ft and a roadway width of 15.5 ft (one lane). The trusses are reinforced by wrought iron rods, which provide lateral bracing often provided by wooden members in other bridges. The exterior consists of a metal roof and vertical board siding, the latter extending around the portals and a short way into the interior. The floor consists of planking laid parallel to the trusses on supporting stringers.</p><br>
<p>The historic bridge was built about 1883 by Arthur G. Adams, a local carpenter credited with construction of a number of Tunbridge&#39;s five surviving covered bridges. These bridges, along with another in nearby Chelsea, form a remarkable concentration of 19th-century covered bridges in the state. This bridge was severely damaged by ice floes in March 1999 and subsequently demolished. A substantially similar bridge was completed on the site the following year.</p><br>
<p>The Stockbridge Four Corners Bridge is a steel girder bridge carrying Vermont Route 100 across the White River near the village of Stockbridge Four Corners in Stockbridge, Vermont. The bridge is a 2009 replacement for 1929 Pratt through truss bridge, which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. The historic bridge replaced an older covered bridge destroyed by Vermont&#39;s devastating 1927 floods.</p><br>
<h2>Site and modern bridge</h2><br>
<p>The bridge site is locate just southwest of the village of Stockbridge Four Corners, which is formed by a right-angle turn of Vermont Route 100 and its junction with Stockbridge Common Road and Blackmer Boulevard. Vermont 100 runs west from the junction, and then crosses the river before bending to parallel the river running further southwest. The present bridge, constructed in 2008-2009, is a steel girder bridge whose deck is integrated into its abutments. The bridge is curved to accommodate the transition from the crossing to the southwest continuation of the roadway.</p><br>
<h2>Historic bridges</h2><br>
<p>Early bridges were built on the site by the town. A covered bridge was washed away from the site by Vermont&#39;s devastating floods of 1927, which caused particularly severe damage in the White River valley. In 1929, the state retained the Berlin Construction Company to build a Pratt through truss at the site; it was built out of steel I-beams and placed on rubblestone abutments that were later reinforced with concrete footings. It was of a standardized design developed by the state in the wake of the floods to more effectively produce the many bridges requiring replacement.</p><br>
<p>Onawa Public Library is located in Onawa, Iowa, United States. The public library began in 1902 when Judge Addison Oliver offered to buy the former Congregational Church for a library building, and funds to buy books and fixtures. His offer was accepted by the community, which also promised to maintain the facility as a free library. The library soon outgrew the old church and in November 1906 the board of directors approached the Carnegie Corporation of New York for a grant to build a library building. A $10,000 grant was approved on December 13, 1907. Judge Oliver donated another $10,000 for the building, and an additional $10,000 for an endowment fund. The Chicago architectural firm of Patton & Miller designed the Prairie School building, which was dedicated on October 22, 1909. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The library is a two-story brick structure built on a foundation of Sioux Falls granite that is laid as random rubble. The granite extends to the bottom of the first floor windows. The central entry is flanked by side- and toplights, and surrounded by white limestone. A curved canopy is suspended by a pair of chains over the steps. Buttress piers at the corners curve upward from the limestone water table and fade into the wall surface at the second floor. The arched windows on the first floor are surrounded by brick arches that rise from limestone impost blocks at the water table. The building is capped with a tile hipped roof.</p><br>
<p>The Newell A. Whiting House is a historic building located in Onawa, Iowa, United States. Whiting was a hardware merchant and sawmill owner, who built this house for his second wife. It is a simple, yet fairly pure, an example of the Italianate style constructed in the mid-19th century. The -story brick house features bracketed eaves, wall dormers, tall, narrow windows with metal hood moldings, bay windows on the main floor, and alongside porch on the east elevation. It is capped with a hip roof and a cupola. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Mann School No. 2, also known as Sioux Township #2, is a historic building located west of Moorhead, Iowa, United States. Built in 1884, the building is a simple rectangular frame structure with a gable roof. Originally three bays long, an addition in the 1920s that added a cloak room and internal stairway to the basement, extended it one more bay. Located in the Loess Hills, this school differed from one-room schoolhouses on the prairie, in that it was located near the center of a cluster of families rather than at the center of four sections. Parents of the students who were educated here took responsibility for the upkeep and maintenance of the building and grounds. The building remained in use as a school until 1945 when the teacher expectantly left. Enrollment had been low to begin with so the district sent the students to a neighboring rural school and then to Moorhead. The building continued as a polling place after the school was formally closed in 1945. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Ingemann Danish Lutheran Church, also known as the Lower Danish Church, is a historic building located west of Moorhead, Iowa, United States. It and adjacent cemetery were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area west of Moorhead had a high enough concentration of Danish immigrants that it became known as "Dane Hollow." The Rev. G.B. Christiansen from Blair, Nebraska organized the Ingemann Lutheran congregation in 1882, and services were held in the Townley Country School and family homes. It was named for Bernhard Severin Ingemann, a Danish novelist and poet who became known for his hymns with a general spiritual and religious interest rather than Biblical dogma. The church was built in 1884 on land donated by John and Anna Marie (Nielsen) Johnson who were natives of Hedensted, Denmark. They donated 20 acre of the first 40 acre they bought. The land provided enough space to build a church, cemetery, parsonage, and outbuildings. The church was a plain white, gabled, frame building. The foyer and tower were designed and built by Andrew J. Simonsen in 1904.</p><br>
<p>Christina (Beck) Swanson, wife of Neals P. Swanson, was the first person buried in the cemetery in 1884. She, like the others who were buried there, immigrated to the United States from Denmark in the 1880s to early 1890s. The largest percentage of immigrants in Dane Hollow came from Horsens and Klakring, but they came from other areas of Jutland and from some of the islands as well. A few of the people buried in the cemetery were natives of Sweden and either moved to Denmark after their birth or married Danes.</p><br>
<p>The pastor and a few members of the congregation split from Ingemann Church and formed Bethesda Lutheran Church in 1894. This split happened during the larger split in the Danish Lutheran Church. Ingemann became a Grundtvigian congregation, and became known as the "Lower Danish Church" because it sits in a valley. Bethesda became an Inner Mission congregation, and became known as the "Upper Danish Church" because it sat on a hill one mile south of Ingemann. Services were held in Danish until 1918 when Iowa Governor William L. Harding forbid the use of foreign languages in public places, over the telephone, in school, and in religious services. About that same time the congregation at Ingemann grew too small for its own pastor, and services were reduced to a monthly basis. Ingemann and Bethesda formed a joint congregation under the leadership of Pastor F.W. Thomsen in 1948. They built a new Bethesda Church in Moorhead using good lumber salvaged from the old Bethesda Church, which was torn down at that time. The last baptism and confirmation in Ingemann Church were held in 1954.</p><br>
<p>The historic church is maintained by the Ingemann Danish Lutheran Church Preservation Society. The property has been reduced over the years to 2.5 acre, which is occupied by the church and cemetery. Services are held on Memorial Day, reunions and a few weddings.</p><br>
<p>The Jones Creek Watershed Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located southwest of Moorhead, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. The historic district is made up of eight gully control dams erected by the Civilian Conservation Corps  Camp DPE-79, working for the Soil Conservation Service . They were built between 1937  and 1941. The project was completed by crews from the conscientious objector camp in Denison in late 1941 and 1942.</p><br>
<p>This was one of the first watershed protection projects that SCS took up in the United States, and the first in the State of Iowa. No planning documents could be found among the CCC and SCS official records. The planning for the project appears to have begun when the CCC was developing the newly created Preparation Canyon State Park nearby. Informal discussions were held between SCS engineer Robert Mayberry, local farmer Roy McCue, and CCC camp superintendent Ray Jones. At the time federally funded soil conservation work on private land was considered an inappropriate use of taxpayer money. The Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1939 changed that while this project was already under way. Such projects could be undertaken as long as the projects were sponsored by conservation districts or similar bodies that were organized by the states for soil erosion control and conservation purposes. The local farmers in this project had already been organized in the Soldier-Maple Valley Soil Conservation District. Monona and neighboring Harrison County also had a long history of working together on flood control projects.</p><br>
<p>The dams in this project were built to stabilize upland soils that were being eroded because of current farming practices at that time. The SCS also helped individual farmers convert from planting straight-rows of crops to contour farming on terraced benches. At the same time 80 acre of badly eroded land were taken out of cultivation and placed into pasture or planted with trees.</p><br>
<p>Monkton Town Hall is a historic government building on Monkton Ridge Road in Monkton, Vermont. Built in 1859, it is a fine local example of Greek Revival architecture. For many years it was the site of town meetings, and it now houses the town offices. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Monkton Town Hall is located in the center of the village of Monkton Ridge in northern Monkton, on the west side of Monkton Ridge Road near its junction with State Prison Hollow Road. It is a single story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboarded exterior, and rubblestone foundation. Its corners have pilasters, which rise to entablatures extending along the building sides. The main facade is relatively simple, with a central entrance flanked by sash windows, and a triangular panel in the gable above. The entrance is flanked by pilasters, and has an entablature with slightly gabled pediment above. The flanking windows have simpler surrounds, similarly gabled pediments. The interior consists of a single large chamber with a raised platform at the rear, with beaded wainscoting and plaster walls. Heavy chamfered posts near the front were originally used to support the building&#39;s cupola, which was blown off in a 20th-century hurricane.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built by the town in 1859, after its previous town hall (located in the village of Monkton Boro) was judged too small to house town meetings. It is the town&#39;s main example of 19th-century civic architecture, and is presently used to house town offices.</p><br>
<p>The Moxley Covered Bridge is a historic covered bridge carrying Moxley Road across the First Branch White River in southern Chelsea, Vermont. Built in 1886-87, it is the town&#39;s only surviving 19th-century covered bridge. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Moxley Covered Bridge stands in southern Chelsea, about 2.5 mi south of the village center, on Moxley Road a short way east of Vermont Route 110. It is a single span multiple kingpost truss structure, resting on abutments of dry laid stone and concrete facing. The southern abutment is set on a prominent rock outcrop. The bridge is covered by a metal roof, and its exterior is finished in vertical board siding, which extends a short way to the interior of the portals. The trusses include wrought iron rods, and are set at an offset to one another, giving the bridge the shape of a parallelogram. A laminated beam has been bolted to the underside of the floor planking to provide additional strength. The bridge is 57 ft long and 17 ft wide, with a roadway width of 15 ft (one lane).</p><br>
<p>The bridge was built c. 1886-87. It is Chelsea&#39;s only 19th-century covered bridge, and is one of a concentrated group (most in neighboring Tunbridge) of such bridges in the state.</p><br>
<p>The Stone Village Historic District encompasses a distinctive collection of stone buildings on Vermont Route 103 in Chester, Vermont, United States. Dating to the first half of the 19th century are a remarkable concentration of buildings constructed in a regionally distinctive snecked ashlar technique brought to the area by Scottish masons. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1830s, skilled masons from Scotland came to central Vermont to work on building projects there. A number of these, mainly from the Aberdeen area, were experienced in snecked ashlar construction, in which plates of stone are affixed to a rubblestone wall. This type of construction is generally rare in the United States, and is found on about 50 surviving buildings in the state of Vermont. The highest concentration of them is on the north side of Chester Depot village, lining Vermont Route 103, and is known locally as the Stone Village.</p><br>
<p>Two Scottish masons, brothers Alison and Wiley Clark, came to the town of Chester in 1832 to work on large factory building (now no longer standing). In 1834, Doctor Ptolmey Edson hired the brothers to build his house, which was the first snecked ashlar structure in the village. It was followed by a series of other buildings, most of which are residences. The church and district school were also built of stone, possibly due to the influence of Dr. Edson, who sat on their respective building committees. Most of the houses are either Cape-style houses of stories or two-story structures, in either case with some Greek Revival styling in the trim details. Thirteen of the seventeen buildings in the district are stone; the other four date to a similar time period (roughly 1830–50). One building, a large wood-frame tavern house at the northern end of the district, was destroyed by fire in 2012.</p><br>
<p>The Dry Run Bridge is a historic structure located in the unincorporated community of Littleport, Iowa, United States. It carries a private lane over Dry Run for 30 ft. Around the turn of the 20th-century Clayton County contracted with various firms and individuals to build bridges across its rivers, streams and ditches. Short spans like this one generally had a timber stringer structure. They were inexpensive, but they didn&#39;t last long. They were eventually replaced by steel stringer structures. For the most part, that transition did happen until after 1900. That makes this steel stringer bridge, erected in 1898, quite rare. It is the oldest known structure of its kind in Iowa. A.C. Boyle was paid $184.50 to erect the bridge. In 1907 A.J. Nading was paid $471 to build two new stone abutments. This bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Mederville Bridge is a historic structure located in the unincorporated community of Mederville, Iowa, United States. It spans the Volga River for 156 ft. This is one of only a few open spandrel arch bridges constructed in Iowa. Designed by the Marsh Engineering Company of Des Moines, it replaced a covered timber Howe truss bridge. Clayton County rejected all of the original bids to build the structure when they all came in too high. Six companies bid a second time on the project, and F. E. Marsh and Company of Des Moines won. They completed in the bridge in 1918 for $17,454.32. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Clara and Julius Schmidt House is a historic house in Wabasha, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1888 in the Italianate style and features architectural details rendered in tin. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989 for its local significance in the theme of architecture. It was nominated for being a prominent example of the brick homes constructed by Wabasha&#39;s late-19th-century merchant class, one made particularly distinctive by its tinwork.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Schmidt House is a wood frame building with a brick veneer. The main section rises one and a half stories and is topped with a jerkinhead roof. A one-story kitchen wing at the rear gives the house an L-shaped footprint. A one-story sunroom was added to the side of the house in the early 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The house stands out for its tin window hoods, shaped as winged pediments resting on protruding bosses. Most distinctive is an ascending trio of small windows, which mark an internal staircase.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Julius Schmidt was born in 1857 to a German American family in Milwaukee, and came to Wabasha as a child in 1864. He apprenticed to a tin maker, but went into business in 1882 as a partner in a hardware store. When he had this house built in 1888, he embraced the use of tinwork as a middle-class version of the architectural details that a wealthy homeowner would have rendered in stone. The tinwork was likely produced by Schmidt&#39;s foreman Herman Dieterle, who had built a regional reputation as a master craftsman and metalworker since 1862.</p><br>
<p>Schmidt became the sole owner of the hardware business in 1893 and ultimately served as president of the Minnesota Hardware Retailers Association. After his death, his widow Clara Schmidt donated to the city the open lot east of the house, which became known as Schmidt Park.</p><br>
<p>The Schmidt House is the last Italianate example of some 20 brick residences surviving from the 19th century in Wabasha. All were built by the first two generations of the city&#39;s merchant class, forming a distinctive architectural stock that contrasts with the elaborate wood-frame Victorian architecture that characterized most other communities in Minnesota. As time went on the choice of building material appears to have been a matter of local taste rather than accessibility, as Wabasha was not a major brick manufacturer compared to Lake City and Red Wing upriver.</p><br>
<p>Grasse Mount  is a campus building of the University of Vermont , which is located on 411 Main Street  in Burlington, Vermont. Built in 1804 for Captain Thaddeus Tuttle , a local merchant, the building was designed by architect and surveyor John Johnson and constructed by carpenter Abram Stevens. By 1824, Tuttle had lost his fortune and sold the property to Vermont Governor Cornelius Van Ness. Named after French Admiral François Joseph Paul de Grasse "Grasse Mount" was added to the National Register of Historic Places on April 11, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The land of the estate was originally owned by Ira Allen who served as an officer in the Green Mountain Boys militia (under his brother Ethan Allen) during the American Revolutionary War, and was also the founder of the University of Vermont. Allen claimed that he had been swindled out of the land by Captain Thaddeus Tuttle while he was abroad attempting to negotiate trade with England, and to purchase arms for the Vermont militia from France, at the behest of Governor Thomas Chittenden. The trip was delayed for some eight years by what was known as the Olive Branch Affair, where Allen was arrested and spent years detained in England and France. By the time of Allens return his financial empire was in shambles, he had lost most of his land holdings, and was eventually forced to flee Burlington or face debtors prison.</p><br>
<p>Sometime before 1797, Tuttle had started his mercantile business. By 1804, the same year that he had Grasse Mount built, he had also constructed a store on the corner of Main and South Prospect Streets in Burlington, Vermont, at the building known today as "Bittersweet". Historical records indicate that Captain Tuttle had also become involved in land speculation and possessed considerable holdings within the towns of Coventry, Shelburne, and Westford, Vermont. On 1 September 1817, Tuttle sold Grasse Mount and its entire estate of about 90 acres of land to Cornelius P. Van Ness for $9,000. However, three months later Van Ness inexplicably sold the entire estate back to Tuttle for the price of five-dollars, according to the recorded quitclaim deed. The reason for this odd exchange has led to much speculation over time, but is yet unknown. On 29 April 1824, after his business had failed, Tuttle sold the estate once again to the recently elected Governor Van Ness for $6,000. The sale included all but one acre of land along the northeast corner of the property, which had been previously conveyed to Icabod Tuttle. Until his passing in 1836, Tuttle resided on the property where his store had been built, just west of the estate. Historical accounts reflect the reason for Tuttle&#39;s bankruptcy was due to his business operating primarily on the basis of barter where there was very little handling of actual monies, and therefore the construction and sustained maintenance of Grasse Mount "was more than he could carry".</p><br>
<p>In 1826, Van Ness declined re-election to the Governorship and practiced law in Burlington until he accepted an appointment of United States Ambassador to Spain by President Andrew Jackson in 1829; a position he held until 1839. During this period "Grasse Mount" was so named after the French Admiral François Joseph Paul de Grasse by Heman Allen (of Colchester) (nephew of Ira Allen and the former first United States Ambassador to Chile) who occupied the estate during Van Ness&#39;s absence.</p><br>
<h3>Visit of General Lafayette</h3><br>
<p>On July 29, 1825 during his tour of the twenty-four states of the country, the famed American Revolutionary War General, Marquis de Lafayette was entertained at the Grasse Mount estate after laying the cornerstone for the "South College" building at the University of Vermont. He did not spend the evening there according to a long-standing legend, but rather departed for Whitehall, New York around 11:00pm that evening via the steamship Phoenix, which had embarked from Burlington wharf. By the late 19th century, such renown had been made of General Lafayette&#39;s visit that university officials had earnestly considered renaming the building Lafayette Hall.</p><br>
<h3>The Leavenworth Period: 1845-1853</h3><br>
<p>Grasse Mount was sold for $14,000 on 12 July 1845 to attorney Henry Leavenworth, conveyed in the deed with 81.5 acres of land. Leavenworth who was elected as a Vermont State Representative (circa 1850) did not initially dwell on the estate, and from 1845-1850 Grasse Mount was actually occupied by John Cutler. Leavenworth divided the land into a number of housing lots and laid out two new streets along the property; Summit Street along the eastern perimeter, and Prospect St. (currently named Maple St.) along the south. The remainder of the estate including the mansion was sold in March 1853 for $12,000 to Captain Charles B. Marvin, a retired naval officer and merchant who had survived the shipwreck of a vessel which he commanded in 1848, and then made a fortune during the 1849 California Gold Rush.</p><br>
<h3>The Marvin Period: 1853-1866</h3><br>
<p>Captain Marvin had married a local Burlington woman by the name of Ellen Blackman before purchasing Grasse Mount. Marvin hence financed a number of additions to the mansion, including an Italianate belvedere (cupola) structure upon the rooftop, In the belvedere, the artisans employed a shadowing technique with the trompe-l&#39;œil panels, which suggested flooding sunlight emanating from the western windows. Because subsequent owners wallpapered, painted, added furring strips, fiberboard, and drywall over the imagery, all but that within the cupola remained undiscovered for over a century. In 1858, Marvin mortgaged the estate for $20,000 to the Bank of Burlington. Historical records also indicate that the Marvins were a mobile family. In 1862, a daughter was born to them in San Francisco, and a son in 1865 in New York.</p><br>
<h3>The Barnes Period: 1866-1892</h3><br>
<p>On 7 April 1866, Lawrence Barnes (1815-1886) of Hillsboro, New Hampshire, a local businessman involved in the lumber industry who served as president of the Howard Bank, and was noted for helping to introduce the marble trade in the city (as well as posthumously, becoming the namesake of the Lawrence Barnes Elementary School in Burlington) purchased the estate for $35,000 from Captain Marvin who decided to move with his family back to California during that year. By this time, the perimeter of the estate was greatly reduced, bounded by six parcels along Willard St. to the west, by Summit St. to the east, Main St. to the north, and Maple St. (née Prospect St.) to the south. During the period of Barness ownership, a conservatory was constructed on the west side of the mansion and a two-story brick ell expanded an earlier (possibly wooden) structure on the southern side. Indoor plumbing and coal-burning fireplaces were also added. At its maximum, Grasse Mount had five fireplaces installed on the first floor and four on the second (some have since been covered over). After Lawrence Barness passing on 21 June 1886, Lucinda continued to occupy the home until her passing in 1892.</p><br>
<h3>University of Vermont Ownership</h3><br>
<p>On 19 May 1894, Edward Wells purchased the property from the Barnes family estate in order to buffer his home (which abutted Grasse Mount to the south) from potentially undesirable neighbors. The house was left empty until 1 July 1895 when the University of Vermont purchased the three-acre estate for $12,000, which was considered to be about half of the propertys actual value. The mansion was hence converted into a dormitory for the universitys women students, initially housing thirteen female students. By 1966, this had increased to 29 students living at Grasse Mount.</p><br>
<p>For some period between 1911 and 1940, Professor Bertha Terrill who was serving as the university&#39;s first "Dean of Women" lived at Grasse Mount.</p><br>
<p>In 1915, the women who lived in Grasse Mount raised the funds to install hardwood floors, replacing the old-fashioned wide boards. Further extensive repairs, redecoration, and refinishing took place in 1929. In the autumn of that year, the exterior of the building was painted in the creamy yellow color that would be recognized today.</p><br>
<p>Sometime before 1930 during its years serving as a residence hall, a song had been written by the students who lived there and had developed a nostalgia for Grasse Mount</p><br>
<p>During 1972, a three-phase renovation project was undertaken that was intended to restore the building to its historical architectural context. Modifications first included safety and code requirements for heating, structural and electrical repairs. The second phase restored the main parlors, main circular staircase, and three bedrooms at the front of the mansion. The final phase of the project involved restoring the exterior of the building. Subsequently, the UVM Office of Continuing Education was located on the first floor, where the second floor was converted into offices that were made available to the United States Department of Agriculture.</p><br>
<p>Additional restoration efforts were undertaken in 1985, costing about $700,000.</p><br>
<h2>Current use and occupancy</h2><br>
<p>Grass Mount today houses the offices of the University of Vermont Alumni Association.</p><br>
<h2>Grasse Mount&#39;s interior wall and ceiling paintings</h2><br>
<p>In 1984, workers renovating Grasse Mount for the relocation of the alumni and development offices had unexpectedly discovered unique nineteenth-century wall art, which had been hidden under layers of paint and wallpaper. Eric Groves, an architectural conservator who was working for the firm Kielman and Batten had first discovered stenciled wall and ceiling imagery on the second floor southeast chamber, which led to an extensive investigation of each room in the building. The university architect at the time, Robert Holdridge contacted the National Park Service, which referred the restoration team to the Albert K. Perry Company of Boston, Massachusetts. The company dispatched their historic decorative painting specialist Brian Powell to the find in order to help remove the layers of paint using a chemical process. The artwork from the 1850s Marvin period was revealed within thirteen rooms, where the stencil work from the 1870s Barnes era was found in four rooms.</p><br>
<p>The Marvin period architectural renderings on the first floor were characterized as having the "touch of the master" and further described as "spontaneous, decisive, and accurate" according to the conservators, where the imagery in the cupola is "absolutely measured out to ensure proper perspective, again clear evidence that the individual (or individuals) had received more than informal training."</p><br>
<p>Each room where the Marvin era art had been found possessed a different theme. A ground floor parlor was found with a circular image of windmills with small ships. The circular staircase walls were adorned with ascending Corinthian columns, the northwest parlor walls were illustrated with palm trees and a rattan motif upon the ceiling, the northeast parlor fireplace is flanked with niches painted as false balconies overlooking alpine scenery, and another second story bedroom was ornamented with an image of an elevated castle that juts over a jagged peninsula. Window and door framing were topped with cartouches. One parlor was found to have an image of Samuel de Champlain discovering Lake Champlain. The three-dimensional trompe-l&#39;œil imagery within the top-level cupola lantern simulates columns and capitals studded with green jewels that project the illusion of sunlight emanating through the windows.</p><br>
<p>The Barnes era artwork was painted with seven spectrum colors (where the Marvin artwork used eleven colors) which emphasized the application of pink and blue, and consisted of biomorphic and stripe motifs, fleur-de-lis and tulip patterns often applied at chair height utilizing stencils complemented with freehand work. One chamber ceiling biomorphic motif was highlighted with bronze-powdered paint. According to the Perry report, "The clarity and luminosity of colors employed and the mixtures of designs...clearly indicates that this work was performed by an American artisan."</p><br>
<p>Due to the lack of an adequate budget and the immediate need for the office space, not all of the imagery was restored. In 1986, a full restoration was considered out of the question with an estimated cost of about $500,000. However, some of the rooms were restored with a "window" view to the artwork, the southeast parlor was left uncovered, and two decorated ceilings were removed to storage at the university&#39;s Fleming Museum of Art. No imagery was revealed within the ell (i.e. the rear wing of the building). Some of the imagery found on the second floor plastered ceilings had been peppered with gunfire and was therefore damaged beyond possible restoration. However, some shards were salvaged and stored with the intent that someday they could be used as evidence for recreating the ceilings. The remainder of the revealed artwork was surveyed, documented (by taking photographs and tracings), and then covered with a protective non-vinyl wallpaper, affixed with a water-based adhesive for ease of removal during future restoration work.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Grasse Mount has been recognized as the best example of a Georgian colonial house within the State of Vermont, and was included in the book "Great Georgian Houses of America", originally published by the Architects&#39; Emergency Committee in 1933. Here the mansion was represented in an illustration with a hipped roof in place of its belvedere structure.</p><br>
<p>Considered to be a sophisticated example of federal domestic architecture, Grasse Mount is a two-story brick mansion with a hipped-roof, cupola, and balustrade which runs along the perimeter of the roof adorned with cornices between the second story window bays, which are flanked by exterior louvered shutters. The space between each of the flat-arched second story windows and the cornices are adorned with alternating oval and oblong re-entrant angle swag panels. The north-facing facade is five bays wide with the first story bays situated beneath semi-circular blind arches. A brick belt course divides the first and second floors, where six Ionic pilasters originate between each bay and extend to the rooftop cornices, and summit at small urns atop the balustrade. The front door has a fanlight and colored glass sidelights, which is covered by a single story Doric portico complemented by four fluted pillars and two pilasters. The eastern side entrance is located at the center bay of the main house.</p><br>
<p>The arrangement of the interior design, such as the parlor fireplace which is placed between "round-arched recesses", or the curved staircase, are considered by architectural aficionados to resemble the contemporary design of the John Warren House in Middlebury, Vermont, and may have been influenced by literature such as; "The Country Builder&#39;s Assistant" by Asher Benjamin, or "The Practical House Carpenter" by William Pain (both published in 1797).</p><br>
<p>Grasse Mount exists on 4.09 acres of land. The mansion is about 60 ft wide and 93 ft long. The floor area of the mansion has a gross area of 35,467 ft and 24,817 ft of finished area. The first floor totals 4,839 ft gross area/finished area.</p><br>
<p>The Mallory Township Bridge was a historic structure located southwest of Osterdock, Iowa, United States. It spanned an unnamed stream for 38 ft. In the summer of 1890 Clayton County sought bids to provide small-scale iron and combination spans to cross several small streams. D.H. Young of Manchester, Iowa won the contract, and provided eight superstructures for $2,730. The wrought iron components were rolled at Lackawanna in Pittsburgh. The spans were delivered the same year and erected by county work crews. This bridge has subsequently been removed and replaced. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Newbury Town House is a historic government building on Scotch Hollow Road in Newbury, Vermont. Built in 1839, it is a well-preserved and little-altered example of an early Greek Revival town hall. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983. While no longer used for town meetings, it is still owned by the town and used for other civic purposes, included elections.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Newbury Town House is located near the geographic center of Newbury, in a rural setting on the east side of Scotch Hollow Road, roughly midway between its junctions with Fish Pond Road and Halls Lake Road. It is set back from the road, between two cemetery parcels. It is a fairly plain single-story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, clapboarded exterior, and stone foundation. The principal adornment on the exterior is its entrance surround, which consists of pilasters rising to bullseye blocks and a header with a protruding central pyramidal section flanked by paneled blocks. The pilasters are decorated with early Greek Revival fretwork. The interior of the hall retains original pew-like benches, and rustic horizontal board wainscoting.</p><br>
<p>The hall was built in 1839, as a centralized place to hold town meetings, which had previously been held in individual homes or barns. The land was donated by Charles George, who also gave some of the lumber for its framing. Its entry surround is based on patterns published by Asher Benjamin. The building has seen relatively little alteration, having mainly had only basic maintenance and minor repairs. It is no longer used for town meetings, but is used as a polling place and for other types of meetings.</p><br>
<p>The Garnavillo Township Bridge is a historic structure located west of Garnavillo, Iowa, United States. It spans an unnamed stream for 20 ft. Around the turn of the 20th-century Clayton County embarked on a project to replace its old bridges. On short crossing like this one they generally chose simple timber stringer structures. But for this one, and several others, they chose to take advantage of the large limestone deposits in the county. They contracted with stonemason A.C. Boyle of McGregor, Iowa to build this single deck arch bridge for $1,462.72. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Garnavillo Township Culvert is a historic structure located west of Garnavillo, Iowa, United States. It spans an unnamed stream for 14 ft. On April 4, 1899, C.G. Stickfort and others petitioned the county for a bridge at this location. The Clayton County Board of Supervisors contracted with Josef Vogt of Guttenberg, Iowa to build this single stone arch culvert of native limestone. It is no longer in use, but remains in place west of Iris Avenue. The culvert was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Jedediah Strong II House is a historic house at the junction of Quechee Main Street and Dewey&#39;s Mill Road in Hartford, Vermont. Built in 1815 by a local mill owner, it is a fine local example of a high-style Federal period brick house. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It now houses professional offices.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Strong House stands in what is now a relatively rural area east of the village of Quechee, at the southwest corner of Quechee Main Street and Deweys Mills Road. It is a -story brick building, with a gabled roof and stone foundation. A period -story brick ell extends to the rear (south), to which a modern wood-frame ell has been attached. The main facade, facing Quechee Main Street, is five bays wide, with sash windows set in rectangular openings. The openings on the ground floor are topped by blind arches. The main entrance is set in a wider arched opening, with flanking sidelight windows exhibiting tracery, and a multilight arched transom window above. The interior retains original Federal period woodwork, including paneling, chair rails, and a partially hung circular staircase in the main hall.</p><br>
<p>The house was probably built not long after Jedediah Strong purchased the land in 1815. Strong, a descendant of one of Hartford&#39;s earliest settlers, was a prominent local landowner who operated a successful sawmill and gristmill nearby. The house was acquired by the United States Army Corps of Engineers as it was in the vicinity of the North Hartland Dam flood control project. It now houses professional offices.</p><br>
<p>The Monona Township Culvert was a historic structure located southwest of Luana, Iowa, United States. It spanned an unnamed stream for 14 ft. Clayton County built a number bridges over rivers, streams and ditches around the turn of the 20th-century. They contracted with Frank Boyle to build this single stone arch culvert of native limestone in 1899. The culvert was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. It has subsequently been replaced.</p><br>
<p>The Read Township Culvert is a historic structure located southeast of Elkader, Iowa, United States. It spans an unnamed stream for 14 ft. Clayton County built a number of bridges over rivers, streams and ditches around the turn of the 20th-century. They contracted with local contractors Stoops and Williamson to build this single stone arch culvert of native limestone for $814.25. The culvert was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Elkader Opera House is a historic building located in Elkader, Iowa, United States. The building was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Opera House opened on November 27, 1903 replacing a previous opera house on the same location that was destroyed by fire the previous year. The first show performed on its stage was George M. Cohans "The Governors Son," which was performed by the Cohan Brothers. The Opera House was on the Chicago-Minneapolis circuit when it first opened. Ed Wynn was on at least one playbill in those years. The other functions the building has hosted have included a community room, dance hall, roller rink, library, fire station, economic development office, city hall, and the Abd el-Kader Sister City Museum. The first floor main facade was significantly altered for it to be used as a firehouse in 1949. Two double doors were placed in the center and right bays for the firetrucks. A restoration project was begun in 1963 to return the auditorium to its original condition. It was extensively renovated in 2004. The opera house is now the home of the Keystone Barbershop Chorus and the Opera House Players. It also still houses Elkader&#39;s City Hall.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The three-story brick building features a symmetrical facade. The center bay has three round arch windows that are flanked above and below with ornamental brickwork. There is also brickwork near the cornice level of the side bays. The three bays are separated by brick pilasters. An entrance on the side of the building was created for city hall.</p><br>
<p>The Elkader Downtown Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Elkader, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2012. Most of the buildings are masonry, two-story, Victorian structures. There are some one- and three-story buildings as well. The Elkader Opera House , which is located in the district, is individually listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Lockyear College, also known as Lockyear&#39;s Business College, was a historic Business college located in downtown Evansville, Indiana. Originally named Columbian Business College when it opened in 1893 at Fourth and Main streets, the institution became known as Lockyear Business College after Melvin H. Lockyear became in 1897; continuing growth led to the new building on Fifth Street, which was built in 1911, and was a Classical Revival style building.</p><br>
<p>In 1975, Lockyear opened a branch in Indianapolis, but financial problems forced Lockyear Business College to close in April 1991. The main building was later razed in 1993.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>The Marvin Newton House is a historic house museum on Ridge Road in the Brookfield Center village of Brookfield, Vermont. Built about 1835, it is a fine example of vernacular late Federal period architecture. It was given to the local historical society by descendants of Marvin Newton, the likely builder, in 1937, and has been a museum property since them. It is open on limited weekends during summer months. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Marvin Newton House stands near the northern end of the dispersed rural village of Brookfield Center, on the east side of Ridge Road opposite its junction with Crossover Road. It is a -story wood-frame structure with a gabled roof and clapboarded exterior. A single brick chimney pierces the roof near the ridgeline off-center to the right. The main facade is symmetrical, with five bays. The entrance is in the center bay, framed by simple pilasters and a corniced entablature. The building corners have plain narrow corner boards, and the sash windows are simply framed. The interior is virtually unaltered since its construction, and is like the exterior reflective of late Federal period styling.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1835 for Marvin Newton, a blacksmith. Its Federal style is notably late, because by then the Greek Revival had already supplanted the style as a predominant style in domestic architecture. Its principal exterior alterations are the replacement of the front door, and the removal of the upper portion of the left chimney. The building was given to the local historical society in 1937 by Newton&#39;s descendants, and is open during the summer as a museum.</p><br>
<p>Evansville Municipal Market, also known as Old City Market, is a historic public market located in downtown Evansville, Indiana. It was designed by Edward J. Thole of the architecture firm Clifford Shopbell & Co. and built between 1916 and 1918 for the city of Evansville. It is a two-story, Prairie School style brick building. It has a low red pantile roof with deep overhanging eaves. It was converted for use as a fire station in 1954.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
